Degree in Economics from the University of Barcelona in 1968. He received his PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972 and the following year in Economics from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Economics at IESE. His areas of expertise are the European Union, Spanish economic policy, the role of the state in a market economy and the Chinese economy. He has been Secretary of State for the Economy of the Spanish Government (1993-1995), Director of Planning and Director General of the National Institute of Industry (INI, 1983-1985), President of ENHER (1985-1990), Director of the Bank of Spain (1990-1993), Country Economist of the World Bank (1980-1981), among others. Throughout his career he has received the Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit, in 2004, for his work at the CEIBS, and the Godó Journalism Award, in 2011.
